印染废水处理工艺的改造实践

由于原有的废水处理系统的处理效果不能达到应有的处理目标。废水的色度、COD_(cr)、BOD_5、硫化物仍然经常出现超标现象。所以必须对原有的废水处理系统进行改进。通过实验室小试,确定新的絮凝剂和最佳操作条件,同时对接触氧化池的填料更换,提高废水中污染物的去除效率,使出水水质达到行业排放一级标准。该工艺具有运行费用低、处理效果稳定等特点,尤其适合中小型印染厂废水治理。     

高强铝合金超塑挤压成形

主要介绍了工业牌号高强铝合金在供应态或经简单预处理后在通用油压机上超塑成形的实例,并分析探讨了非理想组织材料超塑成形中微观组织的变化。     

Variability of dust iron solubility in atmospheric waters: Investigation of the role of oxalate organic complexation

Atmospheric dust deposition is a major external iron source for remote surface ocean waters. Organic complexation is known to play a role in the dissolution of iron-containing minerals. In this paper, we present our study on the effect of oxalate on dust iron solubility in simulated rainwater. Our results reveal that the solubility of iron carried by analogs of different African dusts varies with the dust source. Our experiments indicate a positive linear correlation between iron solubility and oxalate concentration. Soluble iron (SFe) increases from 0.0025(±0.0005)% to 0.26(±0.01)% of total iron, considering all dust sources and with oxalate concentrations ranging from 0 to 8 μM. These results show that the observed variability of iron solubility in aerosols collected over the Atlantic Ocean is, at least partly, due to an increase in dust iron solubility, with the presence of oxalate complexation, rather than to the presence of more soluble anthropogenic iron. Considering the mineralogical composition of those particles, experiments with pure minerals (hematite, goethite and illite) were performed to study the dissolution process. We found that oxalate promotes the solubility of iron contained in clay and hence confirmed that more than 95% of SFe from soil dust is provided by clay (illite). This experimental work enables us to establish a parameterization of iron solubility in dust as a function of oxalate concentration and based on the individual iron solubility of pure iron-bearing minerals usually present in dust particles. Finally, our results emphasize that oxalate contributes to iron solubility on the same order of magnitude as the acid processes. Organic complexation appears to be a process that increases iron solubility and likely enhances the bioavailability of iron from dust.     

电除尘器进口矩形烟道气流分布改进的CFD模拟

应用CFD软件对某电厂电除尘器进口矩形烟道内气流分布进行数值模拟.结果表明:电除尘器原进口矩形烟道监测截面的气流分布极其不均匀,数值模拟结果与实验结果速度分布趋势比较吻合.基于此,通过多次改变电除尘器进口矩形烟道内导流板的数量、位置、尺寸等结构参数,使得改造后烟道监测截面风量偏差降到了±2.2%,气流分布相对均方根值均...     

Channelization and levee construction in Illinois: Review and implications for management

The environmental impact of loss of natural stream and riparian habitat is of concern throughout the United States and Europe. Environmental impacts related to such activities as channelization of and levee construction along streams and rivers are particularly apparent in the Midwestern United States. The objective of the research presented here was to delineate the extent, relative degree of impact, and implications for management of channelization and levee construction along watercourses located in the state of Illinois. According to records maintained through the Illinois Streams Information System data base (Illinois Department of Conservation), nearly 25% of surface water resources in the state have been modified directly by channelization and/or levee construction. Reviews of agency records, elaboration of case histories, interviews with agency personnel, and inspections of impacted sites indicated that these alterations have occurred without the benefit of effective mitigation. Although permit records may provide suggestions for mitigation to be incorporated in the design of a particular project, permits issued generally do not require even minimal instream habitat and bank stabilization efforts in conjunction with channel alteration. Information derived from policy and case study analyses suggests that institutional constraints, rather than lack of particular understanding about mitigation, provide major barriers to protecting the state's surface water resources in terms of regulatory review, policy interpretation and implementation, and project evaluation. Recommendations for environmental management efforts regarding these and similar channel alterations are elaborated from these findings.     

某高拱坝坝基辉绿岩脉改造特征及其工程影响

通过对我国西南某高拱坝坝基花岗岩体内穿插的辉绿岩脉的侵位和后期构造—热液作用以及浅表改造作用的研究,并对比各组不同走向辉绿岩脉的变形破坏特征,查明坝基辉绿岩脉在其活动后期热液蚀变的基础上,在同一构造应力作用下,各组辉绿岩脉具有不同的主要变形破坏方式,即脉壁张裂、剪切滑移和挤压破碎等,从而控制坝基岩体内与岩脉有关的各种软弱结构面、工程岩体结构及其力学性质,并简要讨论了各组岩脉对拱坝坝基抗滑稳定性和变形稳定性的影响。     

Complex and nonlinear climate-driven changes in freshwater insect communities over 42 years

The ongoing biodiversity crisis becomes evident in the widely observed decline in abundance and diversity of species, profound changes in community structure, and shifts in species’ phenology. Insects are among the most affected groups, with documented decreases in abundance up to 76% in the last 25–30 years in some terrestrial ecosystems. Identifying the underlying drivers is a major obstacle as most ecosystems are affected by multiple stressors simultaneously and in situ measurements of environmental variables are often missing. In our study, we investigated a headwater stream belonging to the most common stream type in Germany located in a nature reserve with no major anthropogenic impacts except climate change. We used the most comprehensive quantitative long-term data set on aquatic insects available, which includes weekly measurements of species-level insect abundance, daily water temperature and stream discharge as well as measurements of additional physicochemical variables for a 42-year period (1969–2010). Overall, water temperature increased by 1.88 °C and discharge patterns changed significantly. These changes were accompanied by an 81.6% decline in insect abundance, but an increase in richness (+8.5%), Shannon diversity (+22.7%), evenness (+22.4%), and interannual turnover (+34%). Moreover, the community's trophic structure and phenology changed: the duration of emergence increased by 15.2 days, whereas the peak of emergence moved 13.4 days earlier. Additionally, we observed short-term fluctuations (<5 years) in almost all metrics as well as complex and nonlinear responses of the community toward climate change that would have been missed by simply using snapshot data or shorter time series. Our results indicate that climate change has already altered biotic communities severely even in protected areas, where no other interacting stressors (pollution, habitat fragmentation, etc.) are present. This is a striking example of the scientific value of comprehensive long-term data in capturing the complex responses of communities toward climate change.     

长江干流关键点流量变化及其生态影响分析

文章详细介绍了水文变动指标IHA法32个水文参数及其生态影响,计算分析了长江干流4个关键点寸滩、宜昌、汉口和大通在"自然变化阶段"、"受人类活动干扰阶段"和多年长系列3个不同时期的多年平均月流量状况,并采用IHA法计算了各控制点的32个水文参数,确定了各参数相应的水文变化等级,分析了长江干流流量格局的变化情况及潜在的生态影响。结果表明,长江干流关键点流量格局的变化主要是:年内月平均流量1～4月枯季流量增加,6～7月汛期流量增加;寸滩和宜昌流量减少主要集中在下半年8～11月,汉口和大通流量减少的时间推迟,主要集中在10～11月;最小流量参数组的平均值增加,年最小1日流量日期均提前;干扰后呈现连续日上涨率减小,下降率增加的趋势;潜在的生态影响主要是生物多样性降低,大型水生植物丰度增加,大型无脊椎动物现存量减少和丰度减少,对产漂流性卵的鱼类影响较大,动植物生活史模式发生变化,易造成本地物种消失,外来物种入侵的后果等几个方面。